{"id":8943,"date":"2018-05-11T14:32:36","date_gmt":"2018-05-11T11:32:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yps-online.com\/ku\/?p=8943"},"modified":"2020-04-04T13:53:27","modified_gmt":"2020-04-04T10:53:27","slug":"modelen-xweseriye","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/modelen-xweseriye\/","title":{"rendered":"MODEL\u00caN XWESER\u0130Y\u00ca"},"content":{"rendered":"

MODELA BEL\u00c7\u00ceQA<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa cara yekem di bin nav\u00ea ”Dewlet\u00ean Yekgirtuy\u00ean Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa di sala 1790 an de xweseriya xwe ragihandiye. Di sala 1831 an de ji hem weke dewlet hemji weke qralyet cara yekem dibe xwed\u00ee xweser\u00ee \u00fb zagonan. T\u00eageha Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa ji Romay\u00ee yan may\u00ee ye. Romayiyan nav\u00ea ”Galya Belgica” li v\u00ea her\u00eame kirine. T\u00eageha Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa ji v\u00ea der\u00ea t\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Ne nav\u00ea nasnameyek bi bandore. Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa xwed\u00ee r\u00eavberiyek parlementer, demoqrat\u00eek, monar\u015f\u00ee \u00fb bi awayek \u00eedar\u00ee ji xwed\u00ee \u00e7\u00eakerek ya dewleta federale.<\/p>\n

\u00c7\u00eakera Civak\u00ee<\/strong><\/p>\n

Di dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een de weke ”Netewa Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa” derbaz dibe. L\u00ea bel\u00ea netew xwe nasp\u00eare nasnameyek k\u00eame netew\u00ee. Ne weke netewa Valon \u00fb ne ji weke netewa Flaman nay\u00ea p\u00eanase kirin. Civaka Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa ji xaka netew\u00ean ku bi Flaman\u00ee (ziman\u00ea Hollanday\u00ee) Flamanan \u00fb y\u00ean Frans\u00ee di pey\u00eev\u00een Valonan p\u00eakt\u00ea. Herwiha ji k\u00eamenetew\u00ean penaber ji p\u00eakt\u00ean. Dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een ya Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa cudahiyan na qewit\u00eene, di nava xwede di pejir\u00eene nas dike. ji ber v\u00ea \u00e7end\u00ea ji li cih\u00ea t\u00eageha netew \u00fb k\u00eame netew, bi awayek\u00ee r\u00eaziman\u00ee her\u00eam bi kart\u00eenin. Weke civak\u00ean Flaman \u00fb Valon.<\/p>\n

heya dem\u00ean n\u00eaz\u00eek ji r\u00eaveberiya dewlete di dest\u00ea Valonan de b\u00fb. Frans\u00ee demek dir\u00eaj weke ziman\u00ea sereke dim\u00eene. Di navabera van herd\u00fb civakan de nakokiy\u00ean weke Abor\u00ee, siyas\u00ee, \u00e7and\u00ee \u00fb tevliheviy\u00ean her\u00eam\u00ee t\u00ean jiyankirin.<\/p>\n

Yak\u00fb jiyana Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa ya siyas\u00ee diyar dike ji ev buyer bi xweye. Valon di aliy\u00ea abor\u00ee de bi quwet \u00fb ji berk\u00fb di r\u00eaveberiya dewlet\u00ea de bi bandorin, Flaman li hember\u00ee v\u00ea teko\u015f\u00een didin me\u015fandin. Ev teko\u015f\u00een Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa dibe s\u00eestemek federal.<\/p>\n

Di sala 1932 an de zagona ziman t\u00ea derxistin \u00fb r\u00eageza ”yek ziman\u00ee ” t\u00ea esas girtin. Bi v\u00ee away\u00ee ji ziman\u00ea li her\u00eam\u00ea ku di hat axaftin ji weke ziman\u00ea sereke hat zan\u00een. Di roja mede Elman ji di navde, her s\u00ea civak\u00ean netew\u00ea xwediy\u00ea maf \u00fb saziy\u00ean wekhevin. Bi b\u00fby\u00eena v\u00ea rew\u015f\u00ea ji di nava van civakan de nakok\u00ee hene.<\/p>\n

ji dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een ya Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa ev rew\u015f tema\u015fekirin gengaze.<\/p>\n

xala 1: Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa; dewletek federale ku ji civak \u00fb her\u00eaman P\u00eakhatiye.<\/p>\n

xala 2: Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa; Ji s\u00ea civak\u00ean ku bi ziman\u00ea Elman\u00ee, Flamanca \u00fb Frans\u00ee di pey\u00eevin p\u00eak hatiye.<\/p>\n

xala 3: Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa; her\u00eama ziman\u00ea Elman\u00ee di axive, her\u00eama ziman\u00ea Holland\u00ee (Flaman\u00ee) di pey\u00eeve \u00fb paytext Br\u00fbksel ya ku bi du ziman\u00ee bi tevah\u00ee ji \u00e7ar her\u00eam\u00ean zimanan p\u00eakt\u00ea.<\/p>\n

hem\u00fb be\u015f\u00ean qralyeta Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa ji di nava yek ji van her\u00eam\u00ean zimanan deye.<\/p>\n

s\u00eenor\u00ean her\u00eama \u00e7ar zimanan, ji aliy\u00ea herd\u00fb be\u015f\u00ean parlementoy\u00ea (Meclis \u00fb Senato) herwiha bi amadeb\u00fbyina her guruba ziman \u00fb piraniya deng\u00ean zimanan guher\u00een \u00fb veguhertin di navde t\u00ea jiyankirin. Div\u00ea asta dengan ji s\u00eayan d\u00fb were standin heyan\u00ee guhertin were encamday\u00een.<\/p>\n

Her\u00eama Br\u00fbksel, ji paytext Br\u00fbksel \u00fb 19 \u015earedariy\u00ean ji derdor p\u00eakhatiye. Her\u00eama Valon ji 5 bajar\u00ean di keve ba\u015f\u00fbr\u00ea welat p\u00eakt\u00ea. Her\u00eama Flaman ji, ji 5 bajar\u00ean dikeve bak\u00fbr\u00ea welat p\u00eakt\u00ea.<\/p>\n

P\u00eakhateya federal ya Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa, t\u00ea wateya belavb\u00fbna tevah\u00ee destkeft\u00ee, berhem, xak, civak \u00fb tavah\u00ee maf \u00fb zagon\u00ean bi awayek hevbe\u015f hat\u00ee belavkirine. Federal\u00eezm belavkirinek hevbe\u015f ya dewlet\u00ea ye. her\u00e7end\u00ee b\u00ea belavkirin ji dewlet cardin dewlete.<\/p>\n

Dezgeh\u00ean Navend\u00ee y\u00ean Federal<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa xwediy\u00ea dezgeh\u00ean navend\u00ee y\u00ean ji bo r\u00eaveber\u00ee t\u00ea bi karan\u00een \u00fb tevah\u00ee dezgah\u00ean netew\u00ee gir\u00eaday\u00ee federaliy\u00eane. derxistina zagon, li beramber\u00ee endam\u00ea hukumet\u00ea pejirandina parastin\u00ea, li hember\u00ee weziran p\u00eahatin\u00ean sizay\u00ee derxistina zagonan, abor\u00ee, art\u00ea\u015f, t\u00eakiliy\u00ean derve \u00fb day\u00eena maf\u00ea hemwelat\u00eeb\u00fby\u00een\u00ea dikeve nava her\u00eama er\u00eakirina meclis\u00ea. Weke Valon, Flaman \u00fb Br\u00fbksel t\u00ean destgirtin bi away\u00ea s\u00ea her\u00eam\u00ean hilbijartin\u00ea tu hatine dan\u00een, ji endam\u00ean ku hatine destn\u00ee\u015fan kirin ji senato weke dezgehek y\u00ea mijar\u00ean gir\u00eaday\u00ee her\u00eam \u00fb civak\u00ea t\u00ea niqa\u015fkirin t\u00ea zan\u00een. Herwiha Senato ji maf\u00ea zagon \u00e7\u00eakirin\u00ea heye.<\/p>\n

Guher\u00eena dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een ji, di asta dezgeh\u00ean her\u00eam\u00ee \u00fb civak\u00ee de sererast kirin \u00fb \u00e7areserkirina maf\u00ean dezgehan ku dikeve nava raya herd\u00fb \u00e7\u00eaker\u00ean dezehandeye.<\/p>\n

Dezgeh\u00ean Her\u00eam\u00ee \u00fb Civak\u00ee<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hers\u00ea her\u00eam \u00fb civak\u00ean ku di dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een de cih digrin cuda cuda xwediy\u00ea mecl\u00ees \u00fb h\u00fbkumetin. Meclisa Falamanan ya bi nav\u00ea civaka Flaman \u00fb Valonan ji weke civaka Valonan her yek ji wan meclisa xwe heye. Ev rew\u015f di her\u00eam\u00ea de derbazdare. Herwiha meclisa hevbe\u015f ya Flaman, Valon \u00fb her\u00eam\u00ean navhev y\u00ean Br\u00fbksel heye. Her her\u00eam\u00ea r\u00eaveberiyek heye. Endam\u00ean meclis\u00ea ji bi hilbijartin\u00ea t\u00ean diyarkirin.\u00a0 Flamanan tevah\u00ee erk\u00ean dezgah\u00ean xwe y\u00ean hey\u00een radest\u00ee meclisa civak\u00ee ya Flamanan kiriye. Yek meclis \u00fb hukumeta flamanan heye di asta her\u00eam \u00fb civak\u00ea de. Ya Valonan ji hem di asta civak\u00ee \u00fb hemji li gor\u00ee her\u00eam\u00ea xwediy\u00ea meclis \u00fb huk\u00fbmetin.<\/p>\n

Di navbera dezgeh\u00ean civak\u00ee \u00fb her\u00eam\u00ee \u00fb dezgeh\u00ean Federal\u00ee de t\u00eakiliyek hevbe\u015f \u00fb r\u00eagezek ya wekhev\u00ee derbazdare. weke dezgeh\u00ean dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een ji dezgeh\u00ean civak\u00ee \u00fb her\u00eam\u00ee ku weke dezgeh\u00ean j\u00ear\u00ee navend\u00ee ya federal\u00ee nabin \u00fb li k\u00ealeka wan di heman ast\u00ea de cihdigrin.<\/p>\n

di \u00e7ar\u00e7oveya her\u00eam \u00fb civak\u00ea de dezgeh li her\u00eam\u00ean ku berpirsin xwediy\u00ea derxistina biryarnamey\u00ean di hukm\u00ea qan\u00fbn\u00ea dene. Erk \u00fb raye ya r\u00eaveberiy\u00ean her\u00eam \u00fb civak\u00ee ji aliy\u00ea derst\u00fbra bingeh\u00een ve t\u00ea diyarkirin. Bi piran\u00ee xwediy\u00ea raye ne di aliy\u00ea abor\u00ee, bazirgan\u00ee, tenduri\u015ft\u00ee, hat\u00fb\u00e7\u00fb, av, enerj\u00ee, hawirdor, ziman, \u00e7and, perwerde \u00fb di mijar\u00ean r\u00eaveberiy\u00ean xwecih\u00ee de ji.<\/p>\n

Her\u00eam \u00fb civak\u00ea xwediy\u00ea bucey\u00ean xwene. Herwiha ji bac\u00ean ku her\u00eam\u00ee t\u00ean komkirin ji be\u015f digirin. ji bo armanca newekheviy\u00ean di navbera her\u00eaman de derbaz bikin, fona \u015f\u00eawiriya netew\u00ee hatiye avakirin. Dahata bac\u00ea ya ku t\u00ea pay\u00een ku di binde dim\u00eene ji v\u00ea fon\u00ea t\u00ea hilgirtin. Div\u00ea kom\u00eesyon\u00ea de r\u00eaveber\u00ean hukumet\u00ean navend\u00ee, her\u00eam\u00ee \u00fb civak\u00ee, herwiha di astek\u00ea de endam\u00ean wan ji cih digrin.<\/p>\n

Ziman\u00ea fem\u00ee \u00fb Bikaran\u00eena Ziman\u00ea Day\u00eek\u00ea<\/strong><\/p>\n

her zimanek li her\u00eama xwe ziman\u00ea fermi ye. Li Br\u00fbksel ji li k\u00ealeka Frans\u00ee Flamanca ji weke d\u00fb ziman\u00ean ferm\u00ee derbazdarin. Ziman\u00ea day\u00eek\u00ea ku li her dever\u00ea serbeste, jiman\u00ea dam \u00fb dezgahan bi zagonan hatiye sererast kirin. Hemwelatiy\u00ea Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa di qada cemawer\u00ee\u00a0 de ji s\u00ea ziman\u00ean welat dikarin zimanek\u00ee bikarbine. Di war\u00ea perwerd\u00ea de ji maf\u00ea hilbijartina ziman heye. Li Br\u00fbksel xizmeta ku ji welatiyan re t\u00ea kirin bi du zimanane. Mem\u00fbr ji li ser asta zan\u00eena d\u00fb zimanan t\u00ean girtin.<\/p>\n

Di art\u00ea\u015f\u00ea de ji perwerde bi awaye gurub\u00ean ziman te day\u00een. Her le\u015fkerek mafdare ku perwerdeya xwe ya le\u015fker\u00ee di asta ziman\u00ea xwe y\u00ea day\u00eek\u00ea de bib\u00eene. Li dadgehan ji ziman\u00ea w\u00ea her\u00eam\u00ea li dadgeh\u00ea t\u00ea karan\u00een. Li ser xwesteka takekesan ya li dadgeh\u00ea dikare ziman b\u00ea guherandin. \u015fopandina ziman \u00fb p\u00eakan\u00een\u00ean w\u00ea y\u00ean yasay\u00ee ji aliy\u00ea kom\u00eesyona ziman ya herdem\u00ee ve t\u00ea p\u00eakan\u00een. Kom\u00eesyon ji 5 kes\u00ean Flaman, 5 kes\u00ean Frans\u00ee \u00fb 1 ji Elman\u00ee ji 11 kesan p\u00eakt\u00ea. kom\u00eesyon tevah\u00ee rapor, ner\u00een, p\u00ea\u015fniyar, rexne herwiha l\u00eapirs\u00een day\u00eena vekirin ji bi away\u00ea salane ji huk\u00fbmet \u00fb parlementoy\u00ea re ji erk girtiye \u00fb p\u00eakt\u00eene. Di v\u00ea rew\u015f\u00ea de ku zagon b\u00ean derbazkirin mafe biryara daw\u00ee hatiye day\u00eena dadgeh\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Di jiyana siyasal (pol\u00eet\u00eek) de ji azadiya r\u00eakxistinkirinek fireh heye. fikir \u00fb b\u00eerdoziy\u00ean c\u00fbda \u00fb xwe sazumankirin \u00fb r\u00eakxistin kirina wan hatiye xistina bin parastin \u00fb azadiyek qan\u00fbn\u00ee de.<\/p>\n

MODELA \u00ceSPANYA<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cespanya heya dem\u00ean n\u00eaz\u00eek ji dewletek navend\u00ee b\u00fb. Welateke k\u00fb fa\u015f\u00eezma Franko d\u00eetiye. l\u00ea bel\u00ea ev \u00e7\u00eaker pi\u015ft\u00ee Franko ev dem derbaz kiriye. \u00e7\u00eakerek demoqrat\u00eek, adem\u00ee, navend\u00ee \u00fb otonom derxistiye hol\u00ea.<\/p>\n

Nav\u00ea \u00cespanya bingeh ji Roma ye. Nave ke ku Romay\u00ee yan day\u00ee ye her\u00eam\u00ea. Ji t\u00eageha ”His-baniya” t\u00ea. \u00cespanya ji navek k\u00eame netew derket\u00ee, xwed\u00ee rolek y\u00ea nasnameyek jortire. Di dema Franko de \u00cespanya, demxeya Kastilliy\u00ean ku di pozosyona netewa serdest dene hildigirtiye. Bi Kast\u00eel\u00ee \u00a0yekane ziman\u00ea ferm\u00ee b\u00fb. Ziman, heb\u00fbn, al, hebuna netew\u00ee \u00fb \u00e7anda Bask, Gali\u00e7 \u00fb kata yan ne dihat nas\u00een. Ev re\u015fw di roja mede hatiye guhertin. Di dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een de xala 2. ya di sala 1978 an de \u00cespanaya weke welat\u00ea hevbe\u015f \u00fb ji hev nay\u00ea qutkirin y\u00ea tavah\u00ee \u00cespanyoliyan hatiye nasandin. Heb\u00fbna Bask, Katalan \u00fb Gali\u00e7e ji weke her\u00eam\u00ean welat hatine nas\u00een. \u00cespanya weke ban\u00ea welat \u00fb Bask, Katalanya \u00fb Gali\u00e7ye ji dibin her\u00eam\u00ean navend\u00ee y\u00ean welat.<\/p>\n

Dema jim\u00earyariya \u00cespanya t\u00ea destgirtin ziman\u00ea day\u00eek\u00ea bi away\u00ea ji %63 \u00cespanyol\u00ee (Kast\u00eel\u00ee) %24 Katalan\u00ee, %10 Gali\u00e7\u00ee \u00fb %3 ji Bask\u00e7a di pey\u00eevin. Bi awayek ferm\u00ee ziman \u00e7and al \u00fb tevah\u00ee sembol\u00ean Kast\u00eelan, Bask, Katalan \u00fb Gali\u00e7\u00eeyan herwiha di asta hebunek netew\u00ee de t\u00ean nas\u00een. Evane ne weke k\u00eame netew t\u00ean destgirtin, netew\u00ean ferm\u00ee \u00fb m\u00eelli t\u00ean destgirtin. Li \u00eespanya di ser\u00eede Kastil, Katalan, Bask \u00fb Gali\u00e7 bi tavah\u00ee ji heb\u00fbna 4 netewan de \u00cespanya hatiye avakirin. Di dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een de wiha t\u00ea gotin. ” gir\u00eaday\u00ee netewa \u00cespanya xaka ku naye par\u00e7ekirin \u00fb netewa yekpar\u00ee, herwiha welat\u00ea hevbe\u015f y\u00ea \u00cespanyoliyan ku nay\u00ea qutkirin; maf\u00ea otonom y\u00ea netew \u00fb gel\u00ean li her\u00eam\u00ea hey\u00ee t\u00ea nas\u00een, t\u00ean girtina bin parastin \u00fb\u00a0 xwe disp\u00eare hevsengiya navbera wande.”<\/p>\n

Pi\u015ft\u00ee mirina Franko pol\u00eet\u00eekaya as\u00eem\u00eelasyon\u00ea ya ziman hatiye terikandin. Ziman\u00ean cuda weke dewlemend\u00ce t\u00ean zan\u00een \u00fb destgirtin. ziman\u00ean din y\u00ean \u00cespanyol\u00ee, weke ku otonomiya wan destday\u00ee \u00fb hat\u00ee xwestin bi awayek ferm\u00ee hatine nas\u00een bi awayek p\u00ea\u015fzan\u00een hatine destgirtin. Li rexm\u00ea v\u00ea p\u00ea\u015fwaziya xweser ziman\u00ea Kast\u00eel\u00ee weke ziman\u00ea ferm\u00ee y\u00ea \u00cespanya y\u00ea hatiye hesibandin. Tevah\u00ee maf\u00ea \u00eespaniyan heye k\u00fb f\u00ear bibin \u00fb bikaran\u00een\u00ea heye. Al \u00fb sembol\u00ean civak\u00ean otonom ji nasiye. L\u00ea bel\u00ea li cih\u00ean ferm\u00ee \u00fb avah\u00eey\u00ean ferm\u00ee herwiha li meras\u00eeman ji li k\u00ealeka ala \u00eespanya t\u00ea daliqandin.<\/p>\n

Dewleta navend\u00ee ya hi\u015fk ku di dem\u00ea Franko de hat\u00ee spandin bi destura bingeh\u00een ya sala 1978 an de t\u00ea guhertin. Di guhere rew\u015fa 17 her\u00eam\u00ean xweser. Di dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een de ji bi v\u00ee away\u00ee t\u00ea watekirin; (xala 137.) ” Her\u00eam\u00ean dewlet\u00ea ji \u015earedariyan, bajaran \u00fb civak\u00ean xweser p\u00eakt\u00ean.\u00a0 Evane her yek xweserin di aliy\u00eaw \u015fopand\u0131na destkeftiy\u00ean xwede. T\u00ea gotin ” Li gor\u00ee xala 145. ya dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een ji ”civak\u00ean otonom di navbera xwede dest\u00fbr nay\u00ea day\u00een ku derbaz\u00ee federasyon\u00ea bibin.” Ev ji encameke y\u00ea destgirtina dewletiye.<\/p>\n

Dezgeh\u00ean Otonom \u00fb Raye y\u00ea wan<\/strong><\/p>\n

civak\u00ean xweser xwediy\u00ea raye ya r\u00eavebirin \u00fb zagonandin\u00ea ne. Ev raye bi hilbijartin\u00ean ku parlementoya \u00fb huk\u00fbmeta xweser ve t\u00ean bi karan\u00een. D\u0130 xala 148. ya dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een de raye y\u00ean civak\u00ean xweser biv\u00ee away\u00ee hatiye destn\u00ee\u015fan kirin. ” r\u00eaveberiy\u00ean xweser saziy\u00ean ku xwecih\u00ee y\u00ean ku di bingeh\u00ea \u00e7\u00eakera sazumaniy\u00ea de weke bajarvan\u00ee, bazirganiya bajaran, traf\u00eek, \u00e7andin\u00ee \u00fb lawirvan\u00ee, mas\u00eevan\u00ee, daristan, parastina xweza derdor, aboriya her\u00eam\u00ee, hilkeftin, \u00e7and \u00fb pol\u00eet\u00eekaya ziman, ge\u015ftiyar\u00ee, civak\u00ee \u00fb pol\u00eet\u00eekya tend\u00fbrist\u00ee, werz\u00ee\u015f, parastina avah\u00ee \u00fb tevah\u00ee saziyane.”<\/p>\n

xala149. ya dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een ji her\u00eam\u00ean ku dewleta navend\u00ee t\u00eade bi raye ye destn\u00ee\u015fan dike. Eger em hinek ji wan bi jim\u00ear\u00een; ko\u00e7beriya hindir \u00fb ji derve, pirsgir\u00eak\u00ean hemwelatiy\u00ea, t\u00eakiliy\u00ean navnetew\u00ee, parastin \u00fb art\u00ea\u015f, zagon\u00ean abor\u00ee \u00fb siza, maf\u00ea mulk\u00ee, gumrik \u00fb bazirganiya derve, dirav \u00fb s\u00eestema kred\u00ee, abor\u00ee \u00fb pol\u00eet\u00eekaya debar\u00ea, herwiha parastina cemawer\u00ee weke y\u00ean sereke t\u00ean jimartin.<\/p>\n

civak\u00ean xweser di dezgeh\u00ean navend\u00ee de temsil\u00ee kirin mijarek din ya ku giringiya xwe heye. Ev mijar mijarek bi pirsgir\u00eake. Senato, meclisa parlementeran \u00fb dezgeh\u00ea zagonsaziy\u00ea p\u00eaktine. Senato di destp\u00eak\u00ea de weke dezgehek y\u00ea ku xweser\u00ee dipar\u00eaze \u00fb herwiha di berjewendiy\u00ea wan de hatiye hesibandin, l\u00ea bel\u00ea ev p\u00eaknehatiye. Ji berk\u00fb di dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een de li hevhatin\u00ean v\u00ea dezgeh\u00ea asteng\u00ee xistiye p\u00ea\u015fiya \u015f\u00eawaz\u00ea v\u00ea xebit\u00een\u00ea. Ten\u00ea ji 5 an 1 \u00ea Senatoran ji aliy\u00ea civak\u00ean xweser ve t\u00ea destn\u00ee\u015fan kirin. Ji berk\u00fb piraniya Senatoran ji aliy\u00ea bajaran ve t\u00ea hilbijartin \u00fb bi r\u00eakirin. bi xwezay\u00ee ji civaka xweser ji tems\u00eel dike.<\/p>\n

li gel \u00cespanyol\u00ee, ew ziman\u00ean cuda y\u00ean li her\u00eam\u00ean xweser ji weke ziman\u00ean ferm\u00ee t\u00ean pejirandin. Li gor\u00ee v\u00ea li her\u00eam\u00ean Bask, Katalan \u00fb Gali\u00e7\u00ee d\u00fb ziman\u00ean ferm\u00ee derbazdarin. li her\u00eam\u00ean ji dervey v\u00ea ji ten\u00ea ziman\u00ea \u00eespanyol\u00ee weke ferm\u00ee t\u00ea nas\u00een.<\/p>\n

STAT\u00dbYA K\u0130RDEY\u00caN FEDERASYONA RUSYA<\/strong><\/p>\n

s\u00eestema federasyona R\u00fbsya ji 6 kategoriyan p\u00eakt\u00ea. 21 komar\u00ean xweser, 7 her\u00eam (kraj), 49 qad (oblasti), 2 bajar\u00ean xwedi stat\u00fbya federal, 1qada xweser (avtonomyne okrugi) p\u00eakt\u00ean. ji tevah\u00ee yekiney\u00ean bingeh\u00een y\u00ean federasyon\u00ea re di be\u015fek mezin de xweser\u00ee \u00fb r\u00eaveberiya xweser t\u00ea day\u00een. herwiha b\u00eay\u00ee ku li benda dengdanek ya saziy\u00ean federal bim\u00eenin ev yek\u00eene dikarin dest\u00fbra xwe ya bingeh\u00een p\u00eakb\u00eenin. l\u00ea bel\u00ea ji bo v\u00ea dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een ya ku hat\u00ee ava kirin, ne\u00e7ariya li hev hatina li gel dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een ya federasyon\u00ea herwiha ji li gel r\u00eagez\u00ean sereke y\u00ean dezgeh\u00ean r\u00eavebirin \u00fb zagonsaz\u00ee bi guncin. ji bo dest\u00fbra bingeh\u00een ya kirdey\u00ean federal 5 r\u00eagez\u00ean sereke hatine destn\u00ee\u015fan kirin.<\/p>\n

Di karin s\u00eestema xwe ya r\u00eavebirin\u00ea \u00fb saziy\u00ean xwe avabikin, herwiha maf\u00ea ku li gel federaliyek din bibin yek ji heye. Nav\u00ea kirdeya her federasyon\u00ea heye \u00fb her dem\u00ee dikarin bi guher\u00eenin. Di asta dewleta federal de di konseya federasyon\u00ea de, di kameraya 2. ya parlementoy\u00ea de, di heman re\u015fwa ku t\u00ean tems\u00eel\u00ee kirin de, maf\u00ea kirdeyan heya li hember dewleta federal ya ku ji bo parastina berjewendiy\u00ea xwe. Federasyon dikare di kirdeyan de tems\u00eeliy\u00ean xwe avabikin. wezaret, tems\u00eel\u00ee, kom\u00eetey\u00ean dewlet\u00ea hwd dikarin di asta dewlet\u00ea de dezgeh\u00ean r\u00eaveberiy\u00ea \u00fb hem\u00fb kirdey\u00ean federasyon\u00ea bi r\u00eavebibin. Kirdey\u00ean federal dikarin bi away\u00ea taybet \u00fb maf\u00ea dijber bi kar b\u00eenin. Ev raye dikarin pol\u00eet\u00eekay\u00ean derve ji bigrin nava xwe. Bi er\u00eakirina kirdey\u00ean federal \u00fb r\u00eaveberiya federal bi welat\u00ean ji derve re peyman\u00ean navnetew\u00ee, ji dervey peyman\u00ean qan\u00fbn\u00ee y\u00ean n\u00eavdewlet\u00ee dikarin p\u00eak b\u00eenin. L\u00ea bel\u00ea maf\u00ea j\u00ea qutb\u00fbn\u00ea n\u00eene.<\/p>\n

gir\u00eaday\u00ee kirdey\u00ean federal y\u00ean saz\u00ee \u00fb \u00e7\u00eaker\u00ean hindir\u00een xet\u00ean bingeh\u00een p\u00eakan\u00een. Bikaran\u00eena xak \u00fb milk herwiha sererast kirin\u00ean derbaz\u00ea hat\u00fb \u00e7\u00fby\u00een\u00ea de, dewlemendiy\u00ean av\u00ean xwezay\u00ee, bikar\u00eena av \u00fb destkeftiy\u00ean din y\u00ean xwezay\u00ee, s\u00eenordar kirina milk\u00ea dewlet\u00ea,perwerde, zanist(ilim), \u00e7and, ji bo werzi\u015f\u00ea ji derxistina dest\u00fbr\u00ean hawirdor, di federasyona Rusya ji bo bac \u00fb mezaxtinan sepandina r\u00eagez\u00ean bingeh\u00een, herwiha p\u00ea\u015fd\u00eetina \u015f\u00eawaz\u00ea jiyana civak\u00ean k\u00eamenetew y\u00ean bi\u00e7\u00fbk \u00fb parastina hawirdor\u00ea civak\u00ee.<\/p>\n

B\u00ea guman di van model\u00ean ku me qala wan kir\u00een de h\u00eaman\u00ean demokrasiy\u00ea hene. L\u00ea bel\u00ea evane s\u00eawana demokrasiya Rojava derbaz nakin. Her \u00e7end\u00ee ku aliy\u00ea dewlet\u00ea y\u00ea navend\u00ee derbaz kiribin ji, em nikarin b\u00eajin ku bi tevah\u00ee dewlet hatiye derbaz kirin. Hatina wan ya v\u00ea rew\u015f\u00ea ji, ji ne\u00e7ariy\u00ea encam girtiye. Hem aliy\u00ea teko\u015f\u00eena sosyal\u00eest bandorek xwe ya diyarker herye hemji pi\u015ft\u00ee \u015fer\u00ea d\u00fb c\u00eehan\u00ean mezin bi awayek ne\u00e7ar\u00ee be ji demokrat\u00eek buye. k\u00eamaniya van demokrasiya ya her\u00ee ber\u00e7av ji demokrasiya wan ya li derdor takekes ten\u00ea may\u00eena wane. H\u00eaman\u00ean Kap\u00eetalizm\u00ea di hindir\u00ea xwe de digrin. Ev modelane heyan\u00ee dewletpar\u00eaziy\u00ea ji hindir\u00ea xwe ranekin, nikarin demokrasiyek rasat \u00fb bibin modelek ya xweseriyek demokrat\u00eek.<\/p>\n

Daxwaza KCK’\u00ea ya xwestina modela xweseriya demokrat\u00eek destxistina \u00eextidar\u00ea esas nagre. Bi li hevhatina di gel dewlet\u00ea de, daxwaza li beramber avakirina s\u00eestema xwe tu astengiyek neb\u00eene dike. Ev rew\u015f, rew\u015fa dewlet\u00ea ya li beramber demokrasiy\u00ea bi haydarb\u00fbn\u00ea ye. Xweseriya Demokrat\u00eek qutbunek\u00ee di bingeh de ya li gel z\u00eeh\u00eenyeta dewletpar\u00eaz\u00ee \u00fb t\u00eagih\u015ftina \u00eextidar\u00ea \u00eefade dike. Xweseriya demokrat\u00eek li ser bingeh\u00ea v\u00ea felsef\u00ea, ji j\u00ear berbi jor xwe bi r\u00eakxistin kirin, tevl\u00eebuy\u00een, kom\u00een \u00fb \u015f\u00eawazek\u00ee demokrat\u00eekb\u00fby\u00een\u00ea esas digre. Qutbuy\u00eena ku di bingeh de ji dewlet\u00ea nay\u00ea wateya ku bi dewlet\u00ea re nakeve nava t\u00eakil\u00ee \u00fb danustandinan. Ev rew\u015f destn\u00ee\u015fankera teko\u015f\u00eena nav hev\u00ee ya ku modela xweseriya demokrat\u00eek \u00fb dewlet\u00ea bi hevre jiyan bike n\u00ee\u015fan dide. Dewlet w\u00ea destdir\u00eaji mudaxele li beramber xwe saz\u00fbmankirin \u00fb r\u00eakxistin kirina xweseriya dokrat\u00eek nede,\u00a0 w\u00ea xweseriya demokrat\u00eek ji may\u00eena di nava xaka dewlet\u00ea ya ku nay\u00ea par\u00e7ekirin esas bigre. Herwiha \u00e7\u00eakera xweseriya demokrat\u00eek dibe ku li gel dewlet\u00ea di rew\u015f\u00ean weke parastin, abor\u00ee \u00fb pol\u00eet\u00eekay\u00ean ji derve \u00fb hwd di be ku bi awayek hevbe\u015f di nava liv \u00fb tevger\u00eade be.\u00a0 Ev rew\u015f li gor\u00ee li hevhatina herd\u00fb aliyan t\u00ea guhertin \u00fb ber\u00ea xwe digre. Yekane modela xweseriya demokratik ya KCK’ \u00ea ya ku ji xweseriya ku dewlet dixwaze cuda dike aliy\u00ea w\u00ea y\u00ea bingeh\u00een neb\u00fbna dewletpar\u00eaz\u00ee \u00fb \u00eextidarbuy\u00eene. Raste rast esas girtina demokrasiy\u00ea ye.<\/p>\n

weke encam her gel yan ji netew ger di xwaze bi d\u00eerok \u00fb \u00e7anda xwe heb\u00fbna xwe bi dom\u00eene ji bo v\u00ea div\u00ea yekane \u015ferte ku bigih\u00eejin r\u00eaveberiya xwey ya xweser. Ti civakek b\u00ea r\u00eaveberiya xweser di \u015fert \u00fb merc\u00ean niha de nekar\u00eene xwe ji lep\u00ean as\u00eem\u00eelasyon \u00fb qirkirin\u00ea rizgar nabe. B\u00ea r\u00eaveberiya xweser may\u00een t\u00ea watey rastiya civaka ku b\u00ea par\u00e7e kirin \u00fb belavkirin\u00ea. Di sistem\u00ean dewlet\u00ea y\u00ea roja me de ev t\u00ea wateya buy\u00eena xwarin di sifreya guriy\u00ean birs\u00ee de. ji bona w\u00ea \u00e7end\u00ea ji k\u00eejan civak yan ji cemawer bibe bila bibe li hember v\u00ea heb\u00fbna xwe parastin, berdewam kirina nif\u015f\u00ea xwe \u00fb li hember hem\u00fb nexwastiy\u00ean ji derve de ji b\u00ean ten\u00ea dikare bi parastin\u00ea heb\u00fbna xwe berdewam bike. V\u00ea ji ten\u00ea bi r\u00eaverberiya xweser dikare bike. R\u00eaveberiya xweser mejiy\u00ea civakiye.<\/p>\n

\u00e7avkaniy\u00ean s\u00fbdmend:<\/strong><\/p>\n

pirsgir\u00eaka Kurd \u00fb \u00e7areseriya netewa demokrat\u00eek – A. \u00d6calan<\/p>\n

s\u00eestem\u00ean xweseriy\u00ea y\u00ean N\u00fbjen – Thomas Benedikter<\/p>\n

ji bro\u015f\u00fbr\u00ean xweseriy\u00ea y\u00ean akademiya zan\u00eest\u00ee ya civak\u00ee a Abdullah \u00d6calan<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

MODELA BEL\u00c7\u00ceQA Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa cara yekem di bin nav\u00ea ”Dewlet\u00ean Yekgirtuy\u00ean Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa di sala 1790 an de xweseriya xwe ragihandiye. Di sala 1831 an de ji hem weke dewlet hemji weke qralyet cara yekem dibe xwed\u00ee xweser\u00ee \u00fb zagonan. T\u00eageha Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa ji Romay\u00ee yan may\u00ee ye. Romayiyan nav\u00ea ”Galya Belgica” li v\u00ea her\u00eame kirine. T\u00eageha Bel\u00e7\u00eeqa […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":44,"featured_media":8944,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8943","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-perwerde"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8943","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8943"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8943\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8945,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8943\/revisions\/8945"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8944"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8943"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8943"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8943"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}