{"id":15624,"date":"2021-06-10T22:35:31","date_gmt":"2021-06-10T19:35:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/?p=15624"},"modified":"2022-02-20T16:39:06","modified_gmt":"2022-02-20T13:39:06","slug":"tarihte-sehir-savaslari-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/2021\/06\/10\/tarihte-sehir-savaslari-4\/","title":{"rendered":"Tarihte \u015eehir Sava\u015flar\u0131 -4"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n

\u015eehir Ku\u015fatmas\u0131na Kar\u015f\u0131 En Uzun S\u00fcreli, En Trajik ve En Direngen \u00d6rnek: Leningrad<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u201cTanya Savicheva, 11 ya\u015f\u0131nda bir k\u0131z. G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki notlar, \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bir a\u00e7l\u0131ktan ve \u00f6l\u00fcmlerden s\u00f6z ediyor. \u00d6nce b\u00fcy\u00fckannesi, ard\u0131ndan amcas\u0131, sonra annesi ve karde\u015fi! G\u00fcnl\u00fckteki son not: \u2018Sadece Tanya kald\u0131\u2019. Tanya, ku\u015fatmadan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra ileri derecede beslenme bozuklu\u011fundan (a\u00e7l\u0131ktan) \u00f6ld\u00fc.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne de yans\u0131yan a\u00e7l\u0131k nedeniyle bazen bir g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde on bin insan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Leningrad Ku\u015fatmas\u0131 2. D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda 8 Eyl\u00fcl 1941 tarihinden 27 Ocak 1944 tarihine dek 872 g\u00fcn s\u00fcren ve \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plar ve y\u0131k\u0131mlara yol a\u00e7an Hitler Ordusu ve ortaklar\u0131n\u0131n ku\u015fatmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

D\u00fc\u015fman g\u00fc\u00e7ler Barbarossa Harek\u00e2t\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri taarruzla Sovyetler Birli\u011finin bir\u00e7ok alan\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal etmi\u015f, Moskova, Stalingrad, Sivastopol, Rostov gibi \u00f6nemli kentleri ku\u015fatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu kentlerden biri de Leningrad\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Leningrad\u2019\u0131n hedef se\u00e7ilmi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni, Ekim Devriminin sembolik ba\u015fkenti olmas\u0131, Sovyet Balt\u0131k Filosunun ana \u00fcss\u00fcn\u00fcn orada olmas\u0131 ve bir\u00e7ok silah fabrikas\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Ku\u015fatma s\u0131ras\u0131nda kentin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131\u015f boyunca Ladoga G\u00f6l\u00fc \u00fczerinden sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve bu yol halk aras\u0131nda \u201cYa\u015fam Yolu\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ABD\u2019nin devreye girmesiyle belli d\u00fczeyde sivilin tahliyesi de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f ve bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine de olsa lojistik destek temin edilebilmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6l taraf\u0131ndaki bu yol kapand\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman ise ad\u0131n\u0131 \u201c\u00f6l\u00fcm yolu\u201d olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Kentteki tarihi yap\u0131lar ve alt yap\u0131 sistemi Hitler\u2019in emriyle tank-top at\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ku\u015fatma alt\u0131nda a\u00e7l\u0131k ve so\u011fuk halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Leningrad \u015eehir Y\u00f6netimi ad\u0131na Temsilciler Konseyi, hen\u00fcz ku\u015fatma ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce sivil halktan \u201cilk tepki gruplar\u0131\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda sivil savunma birlikleri olu\u015fturmu\u015f; hemen ard\u0131ndan bir milyon insan\u0131 savunma mevzilerini olu\u015fturmak \u00fczere g\u00f6revlendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Bu savunma hatt\u0131nda toplamda 190 km. kereste barikat, 635 km. dikenli tel \u00f6rg\u00fcl\u00fc engel, 700 km. tank hende\u011fi, be\u015f bin beton takviyeli toprak ve kereste mevzii ve \u00e7ok uzun mesafeleri kapsayan boy siperleri kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Hem kentteki halk direni\u015fi hem de K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu\u2019nun hamleleri d\u00fc\u015fman g\u00fc\u00e7lerin Leningrad\u2019a girmelerini \u00f6nlemi\u015ftir. En son olarak Sovyet g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin \u201cIskra\u201d (K\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131m) ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri b\u00fcy\u00fck bir taarruzla Leningrad ku\u015fatmas\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Asker ve sivil toplam 1,5 milyondan fazla insan bu ku\u015fatma alt\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015ftir. Derin bir yurtseverlik olmadan bir kent halk\u0131n\u0131n bu kadar uzun s\u00fcre topyek\u00fbn bir direni\u015fe ge\u00e7mesi ve sonuna dek dayanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamazd\u0131. Leningrad\u2019da bir soyk\u0131r\u0131m uygulanm\u0131\u015f ama direni\u015f sayesinde kaybeden fa\u015fizm olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Sokaklar\u0131n, Evlerin, \u0130radenin ve Akl\u0131n Sava\u015f\u0131: Stalingrad<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131nda Hitler, hen\u00fcz ABD sava\u015fa girmeden Sovyet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131rmak ve Kafkas petrollerine ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in t\u00fcm g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc Sovyetler Birli\u011fine y\u00f6nlendirmi\u015ftir. Bu sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fcklerinden biri Stalingrad \u015fehrine yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ula\u015f\u0131m, sanayi ve tar\u0131m kapasitesiyle stratejik \u00f6nemi olan \u015fehirde 23 A\u011fustos 1942 ve 2 \u015eubat 1943 tarihleri aras\u0131nda kader tayin edici nitelikte bir sava\u015f ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Hitler, kentin ad\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 buray\u0131 almay\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck politik hedef olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve bu nedenle en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ordusu olan 6. Orduyu buraya g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. 2OO g\u00fcn kadar s\u00fcren sava\u015f\u0131n sonunda bir milyondan fazla K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu askeri ve 800 bine yak\u0131n Alman askeri \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f; Hitler Ordusunun Komutan\u0131 Mare\u015fal Paulus Sovyet Ordusuna teslim olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Stalingrad sadece ku\u015fatma alt\u0131nda direnen bir kent de\u011fil sokak sokak, ev ev \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kahramanl\u0131k destan\u0131d\u0131r. Sovyet General Vasili \u00c7uykov (Chuikov) ve sava\u015f startejisini belirleyen Stalin bu kahramanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcleri olmu\u015ftur. Bu sava\u015fta Kru\u015f\u00e7ev ise Stalin\u2019i temsilen siyasi komiserlik g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Yeterli haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle komutanlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Hitler alelacele sald\u0131r\u0131 emrini vermi\u015ftir. Sivil halk tahliye edilmeden ba\u015flat\u0131lan sald\u0131r\u0131 fa\u015fizmin s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z imha hedefine i\u015faret ederken Stalin bu durumu: \u201cOrdumuz canl\u0131 bir \u015fehri, terk edilmi\u015f bir \u015fehre g\u00f6re daha iyi savunur\u201d \u015feklinde ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim Almanya hava sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 77 Sovyet u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ve 41 tank\u0131 imha olmu\u015f, bine yak\u0131n sivil \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ve hemen ard\u0131ndan siviller Volga nehrinin do\u011fusuna tahliye edilmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fken Stalin m\u00fcdahale etmi\u015f, sivillerin \u015fehir savunmas\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini vurgulay\u0131p ge\u00e7i\u015fleri durdurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Hava sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131nda \u015fehir adeta yerle bir edilmi\u015f ve ard\u0131ndan sokaklarda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dclke genelindeki sava\u015fta Sovyet ordusu %59\u2019unu kaybetti\u011fi halde her imk\u00e2n devreye konularak sava\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Evlerin y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 birer kaleye \u00e7evrilmi\u015f, trakt\u00f6r fabrikalar\u0131 tank imalat\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Keskin ni\u015fanc\u0131lar\u0131n da \u00f6nemli bir rol\u00fc olmu\u015f, \u00f6zellikle Mosin-Nagant denilen keskin ni\u015fanc\u0131 t\u00fcfe\u011fiyle etkili sonu\u00e7lar al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kentte 75 bin kad\u0131n do\u011frudan sava\u015f cephelerinde yer alm\u0131\u015f; keskin ni\u015fanc\u0131, tank\u00e7\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 vb. her t\u00fcrl\u00fc g\u00f6revi \u00fcstlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Sava\u015f\u0131n kent i\u00e7inde yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 kanatlardaki d\u00fc\u015fman g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclmesi ard\u0131ndan olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kanatlar\u0131 tutmu\u015f olan nispeten zay\u0131f Romen ve Macar ordular\u0131 yenilince Alman ordusu kentin i\u00e7ine s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131p kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sovyet generali \u00c7uykov \u201cKUCAKLAMA\u201d dedi\u011fi takti\u011fi devreye koymu\u015f \u201cAlman askerlerine m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca yakla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131\u201d emrini vermi\u015fti. Ayn\u0131 talimat\u0131nda askerlerine \u201cevi birlikte da\u011f\u0131t\u0131n: Siz ve el bombalar\u0131n\u0131z!\u201d diyordu.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Kent i\u00e7inde muazzam hareketli bir sava\u015f geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin tren istasyonu bir g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde defalarca el de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Bir tah\u0131l ambar\u0131 ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde birka\u00e7 kez el de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f; b\u00f6ylesi iki katl\u0131 yerlerde ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde bazen Alman askerleri alt katta olmu\u015f, bazen Sovyet askerleri. Bu derecede yak\u0131n sava\u015fta Alman Hava Kuvvetleri ve tank\u00e7\u0131 at\u0131\u015flar\u0131 etkisiz k\u0131l\u0131n\u0131yordu, vururlarsa kendi askerlerini de g\u00f6zden \u00e7\u0131karmalar\u0131 gerekecekti. Alman piyadeleri yak\u0131n sava\u015f e\u011fitimi alm\u0131\u015f, yana\u015fma, havaya u\u00e7urma, engelleri kald\u0131rma vb. taktikleri biliyordu ama B\u00f6ylece Stalingrad sokaklar\u0131 Almanlara mezar olmu\u015ftur. Bu y\u00fczden Stalingrad\u2019\u0131 sava\u015f tarih\u00e7ileri \u201cNazizme insan zek\u00e2s\u0131yla \u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bir mezar ta\u015f\u0131\u201d olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Anti-tank silahlar\u0131, may\u0131nlar, tel \u00f6rg\u00fcler, keskin ni\u015fanc\u0131lar e\u015fli\u011finde halk sokaklarda kahramanca \u00e7arp\u0131\u015f\u0131rken kentin her yerinden hoparl\u00f6rlerle kafiyeli olarak \u201cHer alt\u0131 saniyede bir Alman \u00f6l\u00fcyor. Stalingrad mezar \u015fehir\u201d anonslar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131p Alman askerlerinin morali bozulmu\u015ftur. Bazen, askerleriyle birlikte Alman tanklar\u0131n\u0131n depolar\u0131ndaki benzini donduran -40 dereceye varan hava ko\u015fullar\u0131 ise Sovyetlerin en b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fcttefiki olmu\u015ftur. ABD h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ise askeri malzeme yard\u0131m\u0131nda bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Bu sert do\u011fa ko\u015fullar\u0131nda Sovyetler ad\u0131na \u201cUran\u00fcs Operasyonu\u201d dedikleri sonu\u00e7 al\u0131c\u0131 bir taarruz ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 750 binlik bir ordu ve Japon tehdidine kar\u015f\u0131 haz\u0131rda bekletilen \u201cSibiryal\u0131lar\u201d adl\u0131 kayakl\u0131 askerlerden olu\u015fan \u00f6zel birlik ve yeni u\u00e7ak filolar\u0131 devreye konulunca Stalingrad\u2019\u0131n kaderi de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f, Alman ordusu ku\u015fat\u0131l\u0131p imha edilmi\u015f, ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki mare\u015fal d\u00e2hil 22 generalleri teslim al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Sava\u015f\u0131 Mamajev tepesinde kararg\u00e2ha \u00e7evirdi\u011fi bir barikattan y\u00f6neten \u00c7uykov daha sonra an\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131rken \u015f\u00f6yle diyecektir: \u201cBirliklerimizin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00f6ntemlerini s\u0131ralamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Volga\u2019daki \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r sava\u015f g\u00fcnlerinde biz, hepimiz, basit birer askerden komutanlara kadar b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck, \u00f6\u011frendik, yetkinle\u015ftik.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00c7uykov vasiyeti \u00fczerine Mamajev tepesine bakan ba\u015fka bir tepede, sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131na yak\u0131n bir yerde yatmaktad\u0131r. Buradaki an\u0131t mezarda sava\u015fta hayat\u0131n\u0131 feda eden binlerce Sovyet askerinin ad\u0131 ve en \u00fcst\u00fcnde de \u015fu s\u00f6zler yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r: \u201cHi\u00e7 kimse ve hi\u00e7bir \u015fey unutulmad\u0131\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Vietnam Stratejisi ve Takti\u011fi: Halk Sava\u015f\u0131-Taarruz Sava\u015f\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u015eehirler s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci i\u015fgal g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin kaleleri haline getirildiklerinde halk i\u00e7in g\u00fcne\u015fin batt\u0131\u011f\u0131, karanl\u0131k g\u00fcnler ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f demektir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131 direnenler hep g\u00fcne\u015fle, ayd\u0131nl\u0131kla kendilerini tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Vietnam direni\u015finin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc Ho Chi Minh (Halk\u0131n deyimiyle Ho Amca) 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llarda Frans\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 gizlilik ko\u015fullar\u0131nda direni\u015fi \u00f6rg\u00fctlerken s\u0131kl\u0131kla ad de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f ve en son olarak \u201cayd\u0131nlatan\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen Ho Chi Minh ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Onun ilk i\u015flerinden biri gerilla sava\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerine kitaplar yazmak olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Vietnam 2. D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Japonya i\u015fgalinden kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ama \u0130ngilizler devreye girip Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle tekrar Frans\u0131zlar devreye girip s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netimi kursalar da onlara kar\u015f\u0131 8 y\u0131l s\u00fcren direni\u015f 1954 y\u0131l\u0131nda Dien Bien Phu eylemiyle zafer kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Zafer yolunda Giap\u2019\u0131n son hamlesi, Dien Bien Phu kentini i\u015fgal eden ve bir savunma merkezi kuran Frans\u0131z ordusunun ikmal yollar\u0131n\u0131 kesmek ve ard\u0131ndan 40 bin sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla (Bu say\u0131n\u0131n 70 bin oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131 da var\u0131r) kenti ku\u015fat\u0131p Frans\u0131z ordusunu da\u011f\u0131tmak olmu\u015ftur. \u00c7in\u2019in verdi\u011fi u\u00e7aksavarlar ve toplar bu sava\u015fta Giap\u2019\u0131n elini bir hayli g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir. Top at\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 pist kullan\u0131lamaz hale getirilmi\u015f, havadan at\u0131lan yard\u0131m paketleri de \u00e7ok y\u00fcksekten at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Vietnaml\u0131lar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015f, say\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iyi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve neticede Frans\u0131zlar 2.000 \u00f6l\u00fc, 5.600 yaral\u0131 ve 6.500 esir verdikten sonra t\u00fcm Vietnam\u2019dan \u00e7ekildiklerini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Fakat \u00fclke Cenevre anla\u015fmas\u0131yla ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f, G\u00fcney\u2019de i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurulmu\u015ftur. 1963 y\u0131l\u0131na gelindi\u011finde ise ABD devreye girmi\u015f, 58 bin askerini kaybedip geri \u00e7ekildi\u011fi 1973 y\u0131l\u0131na dek milyonlarca sivil insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir. Sava\u015f i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i G\u00fcney h\u00fck\u00fcmetine kar\u015f\u0131 devam etmi\u015f ve 1975\u2019te Saygon (\u015fimdiki ad\u0131 Ho Chi Minh) kentinin al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve Vietnam\u2019\u0131n birle\u015ftirilmesiyle son bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Vietnam gerilla sava\u015f\u0131nda k\u0131r ve kent birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015f, t\u00fcnellere dayal\u0131 yer alt\u0131 sistemi \u00e7ok yayg\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f, m\u00fcttefiklerden askeri teknik elde edilmesine, t\u00fcm sosyalist ve tarafs\u0131z \u00fclkelerde temsilcilik a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00f6zel \u00f6nem verilmi\u015f, en \u00f6nemlisi de t\u00fcm halk direni\u015fe seferber edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Vietnam sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok boyutlu dersleri olmu\u015ftur. Bunlar sava\u015fa damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran stratejik, taktik bir\u00e7ok temel \u00f6zellik \u015feklinde dile getirilebilir. Fakat en temel kavramlar\u0131 direni\u015fin komutan\u0131 ifade etmi\u015ftir. Gerilla sava\u015flar\u0131nda t\u00fcm halklara en fazla ilham olan Vietnam direni\u015finin sava\u015f komutan\u0131 Giap, devrimci sava\u015f\u0131 birbirini tamamlayan iki kavramla tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: birincisi stratejiyi ifade eden \u201chalk sava\u015f\u0131\u201d, ikincisi ise takti\u011fi tan\u0131mlayan \u201ctaarruz sava\u015f\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Sava\u015f komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, inan\u00e7, fedak\u00e2rl\u0131k ve gerilla yarat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 yan\u0131nda halk sava\u015f\u0131 ve taarruz sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesinde Vietnam\u2019\u0131n baz\u0131 avantajlar\u0131 vard\u0131. Deniz a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 i\u015fgal giri\u015fimine kar\u015f\u0131 direnilmesi, yurtseverlik gelene\u011fi, Kuzey Vietnam\u2019da kendilerinin h\u00e2kim olmas\u0131 (Viet Minh H\u00fck\u00fcmeti) ve emperyalist sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 zorunlu askerlik uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmeleri halk\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcst d\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sald\u0131r\u0131 hamlelerinde ise sosyalist kamptan temin edilen askeri teknik ve siyasi destek ek avantajlar olmu\u015f, ABD kamuoyunun protestolar\u0131 da devreye girince bu e\u015fitsiz sava\u015f Vietnam zaferiyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u015eehir Ku\u015fatmas\u0131na Kar\u015f\u0131 En Uzun S\u00fcreli, En Trajik ve En Direngen \u00d6rnek: Leningrad \u201cTanya Savicheva, 11 ya\u015f\u0131nda bir k\u0131z. G\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki notlar, \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bir a\u00e7l\u0131ktan ve \u00f6l\u00fcmlerden s\u00f6z ediyor. \u00d6nce b\u00fcy\u00fckannesi, ard\u0131ndan amcas\u0131, sonra annesi ve karde\u015fi! G\u00fcnl\u00fckteki son not: \u2018Sadece Tanya kald\u0131\u2019. Tanya, ku\u015fatmadan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra ileri derecede beslenme bozuklu\u011fundan (a\u00e7l\u0131ktan) \u00f6ld\u00fc.\u201d Bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":16607,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15624","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-egitim"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15624","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15624"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15624\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15626,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15624\/revisions\/15626"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16607"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15624"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15624"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15624"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}