{"id":15606,"date":"2021-06-07T13:31:56","date_gmt":"2021-06-07T10:31:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/?p=15606"},"modified":"2022-02-20T16:48:56","modified_gmt":"2022-02-20T13:48:56","slug":"tarihte-sehir-savaslari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/2021\/06\/07\/tarihte-sehir-savaslari\/","title":{"rendered":"Tarihte \u015eehir Sava\u015flar\u0131 -1"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n

\u201cZaferi kazanan komutan sava\u015f \u00f6ncesi en \u00e7ok hesaplamay\u0131 yapand\u0131r. Sava\u015f\u0131 yitiren komutan ise sava\u015f \u00f6ncesi mutlaka yeterince plan yapmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle sava\u015fa girmeden \u00f6nce mutlaka zafer hesab\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131n. Ancak, bu arada her ihtimale kar\u015f\u0131, yenilgi hesab\u0131n\u0131 ve stratejisini yapmay\u0131 da unutmay\u0131n. Plan yapmaya verdi\u011finiz \u00f6nem zafer ya da yenilginin belirleyici fakt\u00f6r\u00fc olacakt\u0131r<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Sun Tzu<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Bir \u015eehrin Psikolojik Sava\u015fla Al\u0131nmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Tarihte \u015fehir sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ilkleri S\u00fcmer \u015fehir-devletleri aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ku\u015fatma, sald\u0131r\u0131 ve psikolojik taktiklere de bu \u015fehir devletleri aras\u0131ndaki iktidar kavgalar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00a0Samuel N. Kramer\u2019in \u201cilk sinir harbi\u201d diye adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 olay M\u00d6.4000 y\u0131llar\u0131na ait bir tabletten \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclen \u015fiirle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

G\u00fcney Mezopotamya\u2019daki Uruk kent-devletinin bir d\u00f6neminde Enmerkar ad\u0131nda bir kral h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Uruk\u2019un olduk\u00e7a do\u011fusunda Aratta adl\u0131 bir di\u011fer kent-devleti vard\u0131r. Aratta, Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n d\u00fcz ovas\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f, Enmerkar\u2019\u0131n kenti Uruk\u2019ta hi\u00e7 bulunmayan maden ve ta\u015f y\u00f6n\u00fcnden zengin, g\u00f6nen\u00e7li bir kenttir. Enmerkar, Aratta beyine ve sakinlerine kar\u015f\u0131 bir \u201csinir harbi\u201d ba\u015flat\u0131r. Enmerkar bir haberci se\u00e7er ve Aratta beyine, halk\u0131yla birlikte g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve alt\u0131n getirip Enki\u2019nin tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131 in\u015fa edip s\u00fcslemezse kentini yerle bir edece\u011fi tehdidinde bulundu\u011fu bir mesaj g\u00f6nderir. Mesaj\u0131n en \u00f6nemli k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 da sona saklar: Tanr\u0131\u00e7a \u0130nanna\u2019n\u0131n da kendisini destekledi\u011fini bildirir! Bu haber kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Aratta beyi \u015fa\u015fk\u0131na d\u00f6ner. Kar\u015f\u0131 koyu\u015flar\u0131 olsa da sinir harbinden Enmerkar kazan\u00e7l\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar; morallerini bozmakta o kadar ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olur ki, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7ip Uruk\u2019a tabi olurlar.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00d6yk\u00fc asl\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7 ili\u015fkilerinin, d\u00f6nemin belirleyici \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc haline gelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. S\u00fcmer kentleri aras\u0131ndan hangisi g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015fse dostluk kurduklar\u0131n\u0131 bile hemen ele ge\u00e7irmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f; \u00f6zellikle de hammadde bulmak amac\u0131yla ilk sava\u015f seferlerini d\u00fczenlemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u00a0Sava\u015f-Bar\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015flerini G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fen \u0130lk \u015eehir Meclisleri<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

S\u00fcmer kentlerinde sava\u015f ve bar\u0131\u015f i\u015flerini g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek \u00fczere bir t\u00fcr meclis kurulmu\u015ftur. Bu meclis bir y\u00fcr\u00fctme meclisi olmaktan ziyade dan\u0131\u015fma meclisi g\u00f6revini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kramer bu meclisin tabletlerdeki anlat\u0131m\u0131ndan \u015f\u00f6yle bahsetmektedir: \u201cYaz\u0131l\u0131 insanl\u0131k tarihindeki ilk siyasal \u201cmeclis\u201d \u0130\u00d6. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 3.000\u2019de ciddi bir oturumda bir araya geldi. Bizim meclislerimiz gibi iki \u201cev\u201dden olu\u015fuyordu: Biri \u201csenato\u201d ya da ihtiyarlar meclisi ve \u201calt ev\u201d ya da devletin eli silah tutan yurtta\u015flar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan meclis. Bu bir \u201csava\u015f meclisi\u201dydi. Sava\u015f ve bar\u0131\u015f gibi \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir konuda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fine varmak i\u00e7in toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201cNe pahas\u0131na olursa olsun bar\u0131\u015f\u201d ya da sava\u015f ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k diye tan\u0131mlayabileceklerimiz aras\u0131nda bir se\u00e7im yapmak zorundayd\u0131. Tutucu ihtiyarlardan olu\u015fan \u201csenato\u201d neye mal olursa olsun bar\u0131\u015ftan yanayd\u0131, ancak kararlar\u0131, sorunu \u201calt ev\u201d ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fen kral taraf\u0131ndan \u201cveto\u201d edildi. Bu grup sava\u015f ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131ktan yanayd\u0131 ve kral onlarla hemfikirdi. Bu devlet Uruk\u2019tu ve Ki\u015f\u2019in sava\u015f tehdidine kar\u015f\u0131 toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ki\u015f\u2019in ba\u015f\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmdar Agga, Uruk\u2019un ba\u015f\u0131nda ise G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f vard\u0131r\u2026 Agga Uruk\u2019u ku\u015fat\u0131r ama G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde Agga\u2019n\u0131n dostlu\u011funu kazanmakta ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olup ku\u015fatmay\u0131 kald\u0131rtm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0130lk Surlar ve \u0130lk Seferler<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

S\u00fcmer kentleri savunma ama\u00e7l\u0131 olarak \u00e7evrelerine surlar in\u015fa etmi\u015flerdir. Uruk kentinin \u00e7evresi yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 km. uzunlu\u011funda \u00e7ifte bir surla kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7in seddinden sonra d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en uzun surlar\u0131n\u0131n Amed kentinde bulundu\u011fu bunun da 5 km oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrse S\u00fcmer kentlerinin 10 km\u2019yi a\u015fan surlar\u0131n\u0131n savunmada ba\u015frol\u00fc oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilebilir. Bu g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemi sayesinde S\u00fcmer krallar\u0131 uzun zaman alan seferlere \u00e7\u0131kabilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Uruk kentinde h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f krallardan biri olan Meskiagga\u015fer tabletlerde \u015f\u00f6yle tarif edilir: \u201cdenizlere a\u00e7\u0131lan, da\u011flara t\u0131rmanan!\u201d Bu d\u00f6nemde krallar\u0131n ki\u015fisel kahramanl\u0131klar temelinde uzak b\u00f6lgelere seferler d\u00fczenledi\u011fi bilinmektedir. Meskiagga\u015fer\u2019in ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 unvandan da anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, bu d\u00f6nemin krallar\u0131 g\u00fcneyde Basra k\u00f6rfezi, kuzeyde ise Zagros da\u011flar\u0131na seferler d\u00fczenlemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Akadlar\u0131n Sald\u0131r\u0131 Sava\u015flar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

S\u00fcmerlerin kuzeyinde ya\u015fayan Akadlar, kentlerin yo\u011fun \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7erek M\u00d6. 2350-2340 civarlar\u0131nda S\u00fcmer kentleri \u00fczerinde h\u00e2kimiyetlerini kurarlar.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Kral Sargon Uruk\u2019u ele ge\u00e7irip kral\u0131n\u0131 dinsel kent Nippur\u2019da ast\u0131ktan sonra Akad ismine k\u00f6kenlik eden Agade isminde yeni bir kent kurarak buray\u0131 ba\u015fkent yapar. Pe\u015f pe\u015fe di\u011fer kentleri de ele ge\u00e7irir ve sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaferle Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n ve tarihin ilk birle\u015fik krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ilk imparatorlu\u011funu kurar.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Sargon tam bir yay\u0131lma siyaseti izleyerek k\u00f6leci emperyalizmin ilk \u00f6rne\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in askerlikten anlayan 5.400 ki\u015filik bir birlik yan\u0131nda toprak milisleri ve d\u00f6nemine g\u00f6re a\u011f\u0131r silahlardan olu\u015fan profesyonel bir ordu kurmu\u015ftur. Tun\u00e7tan yap\u0131lma silahlar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yay\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 alabildi\u011fine kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sargon, ordusunda ba\u015frol\u00fc ok\u00e7ulara vermi\u015ftir. Bunun yan\u0131nda at\u0131labilen m\u0131zraklar\u0131 ilk kez devreye koymalar\u0131 -ki bunlar adeta g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn f\u00fczelerinin yerini tutar- onlara askeri teknik ve taktikte \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu silahlar ve s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z y\u0131k\u0131m anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla rakiplerinin hareketsiz m\u0131zrak ve kalkanlar\u0131 alt edebilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Akad hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 4. H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131, Sargon\u2019un torunu Naramsin d\u00f6neminde Akadlar g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin zirvesine ula\u015f\u0131rlar. \u00d6yle ki Naramsin \u201cd\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt b\u00f6lgesinin kral\u0131\u201d unvan\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak Akadlar kendilerini yenilmez, ebedi ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n tek hakimi saymaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 an, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015flerin de ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 an olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Dini merkez olan Nippur\u2019un yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 halk\u0131n \u00f6fkesini kabartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 sars\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan soylular s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bulunmaz bir gerek\u00e7e olur. Akad y\u00f6netiminde askeri ve idari aristokrasinin b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi di\u011fer soylu s\u0131n\u0131f kesimlerini korkutmu\u015f ve onlar\u0131n y\u00f6netti\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ayaklanma patlak vermi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer yandan fethedilen yerlerdeki a\u011f\u0131r bask\u0131lar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda da ayaklanmalar ba\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Naramsin ayaklanmalar\u0131 bast\u0131rsa da kendisinden sonra gelenler Akad\u2019\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcrecine girmesini engelleyememi\u015ftir.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

Egemenlerin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda halklar\u0131n direni\u015fi tarih boyunca eksik olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Da\u011flarda ya\u015fayan Gutiler kendilerine y\u00f6nelen sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 t\u00fcmden k\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in savunma konumundan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci kent merkezlerini hedeflediklerinde sonu\u00e7 alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u0130\u00e7 ayaklanmalar kadar d\u0131\u015ftan gelen sald\u0131r\u0131lar Akadlar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Zagros da\u011f halk\u0131ndan olan Lulubeleri eylemleri Akad\u2019\u0131n y\u0131prat\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra ise ayn\u0131 da\u011f halk\u0131ndan, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde egemenlerin \u201cter\u00f6rist, e\u015fk\u0131ya\u201d dedi\u011fi K\u00fcrtlerin atalar\u0131 olan ve S\u00fcmerlerin \u201cda\u011flar\u0131n ejderhalar\u0131\u201d, \u201cda\u011flar\u0131n cinleri\u201d, \u201c\u00e7ekirge s\u00fcr\u00fcleri\u201d gibi adlarla k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseme ve korku objesi haline getirdikleri Gutiler S\u00fcmer kentleriyle ittifak yaparak sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7mi\u015f, M\u00d6. 2250\u2019lerde ba\u015fkent Agade\u2019yi ele ge\u00e7irerek tarihin ilk kanl\u0131 imparatorlu\u011funa son vermi\u015flerdir. Akadlar gibi daha sonra b\u00f6lgeye egemen olan Babil ve Asur imparatorlu\u011funa son veren yine b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131n\u0131n direni\u015fi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cZaferi kazanan komutan sava\u015f \u00f6ncesi en \u00e7ok hesaplamay\u0131 yapand\u0131r. Sava\u015f\u0131 yitiren komutan ise sava\u015f \u00f6ncesi mutlaka yeterince plan yapmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle sava\u015fa girmeden \u00f6nce mutlaka zafer hesab\u0131n\u0131 yap\u0131n. Ancak, bu arada her ihtimale kar\u015f\u0131, yenilgi hesab\u0131n\u0131 ve stratejisini yapmay\u0131 da unutmay\u0131n. Plan yapmaya verdi\u011finiz \u00f6nem zafer ya da yenilginin belirleyici fakt\u00f6r\u00fc olacakt\u0131r.\u201d Sun Tzu Bir […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":16614,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15606","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-egitim"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15606","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/34"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=15606"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15606\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16615,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/15606\/revisions\/16615"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16614"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=15606"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=15606"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/yps-online.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=15606"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}